The Evolution of Home: English Interiors for a New Era

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Gutiérrez, Gabriel; Sánchez, Diego; Marín, Antonio (August 2002). "A Reanalysis of the Ancient Mitochondrial DNA Sequences Recovered from Neandertal Bones". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 19 (8): 1359–1366. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a004197. ISSN 0737-4038. PMID 12140248. The earliest member of the genus Homo is Homo habilis which evolved around 2.8million years ago. [32] H.habilis is the first species for which we have positive evidence of the use of stone tools. They developed the Oldowan lithic technology, named after the Olduvai Gorge in which the first specimens were found. Some scientists consider Homo rudolfensis, a larger bodied group of fossils with similar morphology to the original H.habilis fossils, to be a separate species, while others consider them to be part of H.habilis—simply representing intraspecies variation, or perhaps even sexual dimorphism. The brains of these early hominins were about the same size as that of a chimpanzee, and their main adaptation was bipedalism as an adaptation to terrestrial living.

Clark, Jamie L. (September 2011). "The evolution of human culture during the later Pleistocene: Using fauna to test models on the emergence and nature of "modern" human behavior". Journal of Anthropological Archaeology. 30 (3): 273–291. doi: 10.1016/j.jaa.2011.04.002. Archived from the original on May 25, 2021 . Retrieved October 27, 2021. Homo sapiens is the only extant species of its genus, Homo. While some (extinct) Homo species might have been ancestors of Homo sapiens, many, perhaps most, were likely "cousins", having speciated away from the ancestral hominin line. [48] [49] There is yet no consensus as to which of these groups should be considered a separate species and which should be a subspecies; this may be due to the dearth of fossils or to the slight differences used to classify species in the genus Homo. [49] The Sahara pump theory (describing an occasionally passable "wet" Sahara desert) provides one possible explanation of the early variation in the genus Homo. a b Sayers, Ken; Raghanti, Mary Ann; Lovejoy, C. Owen (October 2012). "Human Evolution and the Chimpanzee Referential Doctrine". Annual Review of Anthropology. 41: 119–138. doi: 10.1146/annurev-anthro-092611-145815. ISSN 0084-6570.Spoor, Fred; Wood, Bernard A.; Zonneveld, Frans (June 23, 1994). "Implications of early hominid labyrinthine morphology for evolution of human bipedal locomotion". Nature. 369 (6482): 645–648. Bibcode: 1994Natur.369..645S. doi: 10.1038/369645a0. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 8208290. S2CID 4344784. a b c Ghosh, Pallab (March 4, 2015). " 'First human' discovered in Ethiopia". BBC News. London. Archived from the original on April 18, 2015 . Retrieved April 19, 2015. a b Prüfer, K.; de Filippo, C.; Grote, S.; Mafessoni, F.; Korlević, P.; Hajdinjak, M.; etal. (2017). "A high-coverage Neandertal genome from Vindija Cave in Croatia". Science. 358 (6363): 655–658. Bibcode: 2017Sci...358..655P. doi: 10.1126/science.aao1887. PMC 6185897. PMID 28982794.

Wayman, Erin (August 19, 2013). "Killer whales, grandmas and what men want: Evolutionary biologists consider menopause". Science News. ISSN 0036-8423. Archived from the original on November 6, 2014 . Retrieved April 24, 2015.

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Based on archaeological and paleontological evidence, it has been possible to infer, to some extent, the ancient dietary practices [50] of various Homo species and to study the role of diet in physical and behavioral evolution within Homo. [51] [52] [53] [54] [55] H. heidelbergensis ("Heidelberg Man") lived from about 800,000 to about 300,000 years ago. Also proposed as Homo sapiens heidelbergensis or Homo sapiens paleohungaricus. [75] H. rhodesiensis, and the Gawis cranium [ edit ] Anatomically, the evolution of bipedalism has been accompanied by a large number of skeletal changes, not just to the legs and pelvis, but also to the vertebral column, feet and ankles, and skull. [126] The femur evolved into a slightly more angular position to move the center of gravity toward the geometric center of the body. The knee and ankle joints became increasingly robust to better support increased weight. To support the increased weight on each vertebra in the upright position, the human vertebral column became S-shaped and the lumbar vertebrae became shorter and wider. In the feet the big toe moved into alignment with the other toes to help in forward locomotion. The arms and forearms shortened relative to the legs making it easier to run. The foramen magnum migrated under the skull and more anterior. [127]

Up until the genetic evidence became available, there were two dominant models for the dispersal of modern humans. The multiregional hypothesis proposed that the genus Homo contained only a single interconnected population as it does today (not separate species), and that its evolution took place worldwide continuously over the last couple of million years. This model was proposed in 1988 by Milford H. Wolpoff. [243] [244] In contrast, the "out of Africa" model proposed that modern H.sapiens speciated in Africa recently (that is, approximately 200,000 years ago) and the subsequent migration through Eurasia resulted in the nearly complete replacement of other Homo species. This model has been developed by Chris Stringer and Peter Andrews. [245] [246] Known H. sapiens migration routes in the Pleistocene Neanderthals may have had less brain capacity available for social functions. Inferring social group size from endocranial volume (minus occipital lobe size) suggests that Neanderthal groups may have been limited to 120 individuals, compared to 144 possible relationships for modern humans. Larger social groups could imply that modern humans had less risk of inbreeding within their clan, trade over larger areas (confirmed in the distribution of stone tools), and faster spread of social and technological innovations. All these may have all contributed to modern Homo sapiens replacing Neanderthal populations by 28,000 BP. [80]

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In May 2010, a new species, Homo gautengensis, was discovered in South Africa. [62] H. rudolfensis and H. georgicus [ edit ]